| Three U.S.-based economists were awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences on Monday for their work drawing conclusions from observing the cause and effect of real-world economic actions. In Stockholm, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences divided this year's prize between David Card of the University of California, Berkeley, who received one half of the award, and two other economists, Joshua Angrist of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Guido Imbens of Stanford University. Card was honored for his pioneering work in labor economics. Angrist and Imbens were honored for their methodological contributions to an understanding of causal relationships, the prize committee said. | 
